Type I (Clitoridectomy): Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (clitoral hood)

Type II (Excision): Partial or total removal of the clitoris and labia minora, with or without removal of the labia majora

Type III (Infibulation): Narrowing of the vaginal opening by cutting and repositioning the labia to create a covering seal, often leaving only a small opening for urine and menstruation

Type IV: All other harmful procedures including pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterization

The Four Types of FGM (WHO Classification)

FGM is typically carried out by traditional practitioners using:

How FGM is Performed

• Knives, razor blades, or broken glass

• Scissors or scalpels

• Often without anesthesia or antiseptics

• Girls may be forcibly restrained

• No medical benefit whatsoever

Medical experts worldwide agree: FGM provides no health benefits and only causes harm. The practice removes healthy, functioning tissue, interferes with natural bodily functions, and creates only risks and complications.

Why FGM Has No Medical Benefits

• Severe bleeding (hemorrhage)

• Shock from blood loss and pain

• Tetanus infections

• Sepsis (blood poisoning)

• HIV transmission from unsterilized instruments

Girls can die during or immediately after FGM from:

Women who have undergone FGM face lifelong complications:

Long-Term Health Consequences

Urinary Problems

Menstrual Issues

Childbirth Complications

Psychological Trauma

FGM is illegal in Tanzania since 1998, with penalties of up to 15 years in prison. However, enforcement in remote rural areas remains challenging, and many cases go unreported.

Legal Status

Why FGM Has No Medical Benefits

• Recognized as a human rights violation by the United Nations

• Violates rights to health, security, and physical integrity

• Classified as a form of violence against women and girls

International Recognition: